Mutual students (LMDE) is organizing a price to all students who wish to engage in the social and solidarity economy (SSE).

This award is reserved for students and graduates, unlike other awards open to all and is organized and run by students themselves.

TWO CATEGORIES

Applicants may participate in the “Co-operatives in ESS” or in the “Enterprise Project in the ESS.” Each class is equipped with two awards from 6000 and 3000 euros.

Three conditions are required to participate: under 30 years on the date of filing of application, being a student or graduate than 3 years after graduation, the designated representative of the registration form must reside in France and main activity is to be located in France.

Deadline for applications: November 5.

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For a long time the lawyer and librarian Lionel Maurel has become one of the most interesting commentators with the public domain , either on his blog, his Twitter profile as he stands on the sign and via the collective SavoirsCom1 ( common knowledge) he co-hosts with the same energy recently.

His last contribution deserves our attention because it outlines nothing less than a well-argued proposal of law to define , defend and expand the public domain in the French law. In view that the Ministry of Culture in 2013 to establish a Heritage Act , Lionel Maurel took the opportunity to design a law that would define and defend the public domain.

Image: I Have A Dream . By Dr. Case. CC- BY-NC . Source: Flickr.

Defensive because it is urgent to protect the public domain in the digital age . He had a slow erosion over the twentieth century, due to the continual increase in the duration of the rights and the establishment of related rights . But with scanning, it is also threatened by many schemes set up to revive layers of diverse and varied duties ( copyfraud ) . While digitization should be an opportunity to disseminate widely the public domain, in accordance with its nature , cultural institutions (libraries, museums , archives) that provide scanning are overwhelmingly affect its integrity. The establishment of public private partnerships for digitization Heritage partnerships is also a major source of potential harm , because exclusives granted by public institutions to private firms.

For these reasons, if we want the public sector still has a sense of the twenty-first century , it is essential to allocate and protect by law. We can not let such a vital issue fall within the jurisdiction of the few cultural institutions and communities on which they depend , are often ill-equipped to address the issue and engaged in logical release specific resources that can grow to commodify the field public. The public domain must be the same for all citizens in France , because behind this concept is the fundamental freedom of access to culture and the right to create works from the past that are at stake

The other objective of such a law would take the initiative and go on the offensive on a new basis for reform of copyright . For now, this is from the issue of piracy / sharing online works that reform is most often discussed in the climate of tension that we know . Structured proposals are yet on the table, around the recognition of non-market share, but it is possible to open a second front on the public domain, which fill a complementary role.

Lionel explains and argues 20 points for legislative reform to establish the public domain that I really encourage you to read ( and respond to , of course) . It is very accurate and review ( to defuse ) number of problem areas that eat every day the public domain , as explained in the synthetic summary of the issues discussed :

I) Devote explicitly the notion of public domain in the French Intellectual Property Code

1 . Clarify the definition of the work of the mind devoting into law the criteria of originality and formatting

2 . Explicitly include the concept of a public domain article on the term of copyright .

II) Simplify the system of public domain and unify the duration of rights

3 . Remove extensions for years of war

4 . Delete the extension of 30 years benefiting authors ” died for France ”

5. Remove the special scheme for posthumous works

6 . Simplify the application of international copyright

III ) Limit the scope of copyright

7 . Delete the specific protection of titles of works

8 . Introduced into French law the distinction useful work / artistic works

9 . Limit moral right to life of the author

10 . Preserve the public domain embedded in composite works

11 . Keep reusable public domain for simple reprints of works

12 . Establish a ” three-step test in reverse” to prevent future violations of the public domain

IV ) To prevent damage to the integrity of the public domain

13. The faithful reproduction of two-dimensional works in the public domain should be in the public domain

14. Prevent the circumvention of the public domain by the laws of databases

15 . Prevent the reuse of public domain works is hindered on the basis of the law of 17 July 1978 on public information

16. Prevent interference between the public within the meaning of intellectual property and the public domain in the sense of public ownership

17. Prevent the reuse of public domain works is hindered by contractual clauses

18 . Prevent the reuse of public domain works is hampered by DRM

19. Prevent reproductions of public domain works are prohibited in the right-of cultural institutions

V) Strictly supervise public-private partnerships for digitization

20 . Limit exclusives granted to private partners and introduce the recommendations of the European Committee wise in the law of 17 July 1978

VI) Expand the public domain by the payment of recent works

21. Facilitate the voluntary payment to public domain works by authors

22. To enter the public domain works produced by public officials in the exercise of their public service mission

VII ) Establish mechanisms to give effect to the public domain

23. Establish penalties for violation of the integrity of public domain

24 . Give jurisdiction to the CADA to provide advice on the reuse of public domain works

25 . Create a national registry of public domain

26. Ensure that the corresponding metadata to works in the public domain , as they are automatically in the public domain

But I let you take the time to discover the precision with which the lawyer defending our common goods.

These proposals are an opportunity for us all to revive the public domain, although common knowledge that we all need to create and learn.

As they say Lionel , I have the same dream as her, ” that France, the country of Beaumarchais and copyright also becomes the first to pass a law for the public domain ”

I hope that our legislators will listen . And that the first stone was followed by many others so that one day we can all benefit from more balanced not only rights to defend what belongs to some ( copyright ) as that which belongs to everyone and anyone : the public domain !

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“$” (…) [ the ] thunder rumbled ominously over my head Salève , the Jura and the Alps of Savoy bounced back from echo ; flamboyant lightning dazzled my eyes lit up the lake and made ??him like a vast sheet of fire (…) . ” Mary Shelley (1797-1851) , the famous novel Frankenstein, is a large part of the action on the shores of Lake Geneva. Because she is spending the summer in 1816 , together - especially , the poet Byron .

Lake Geneva has welcomed and inspired many writers . It is not possible to mention them all , but the blog ” around Lake Geneva ” includes the vast majority of texts blown by the lake : poems and excerpts from novels by Hugo , Zweig , Dumas, Dostoevsky and many others.

It is mainly from the mid-eighteenth century that we find traces of known writers on Lake Geneva . Ship together for a little tour of the literary lake, Coppet in Evian , through Ferney and Geneva.

Rousseau (1712-1778) , spent the first sixteen years of his life in Geneva. He then returned several times in Switzerland and on the shores of Lake Geneva. In 1754 , during a tour of Geneva, in a boat , he is seduced by the French banks , including the village of Meillerie , accessible only from the lake. It is sitting on a rock above the village the hero of Julie or the New Heloise , Saint -Preux , wrote her love letters . Rousseau revert from Thonon -les-Bains in 1764 , after the condemnation of his works by the parliament of Paris .

It is true that for writers, the Geneva often has the scent of exile. This is also the case for Voltaire (1694-1778) , who spent nearly twenty years in the field of Ferney he bought in 1759. The prohibition to approach the French capital he had been notified in 1754 , he moved to Geneva and Ferney . This is where it is positioned as a great defender of justice , maintains correspondence, and welcomes many visitors . He said ” the innkeeper of Europe ” , and this is indeed the case. As the seventeenth century, was developed for young aristocrats and artists from Northern Europe ( UK and Germany , mostly ) , the practice of a ” Grand Tour ” . During the ” Grand Tour ” ( etymological source of the word “tourism” ) which leads them to discover Europe , they enrich their knowledge and their minds. Ferney , with the hotel ‘s niece and mistress of Voltaire , Ms. Denis master, becomes a stage of the Tour . During all these years , while the theater is prohibited in the nearby town of Geneva, Voltaire gives a room adjoining his castle performances that attract up to 300 people .

It is also an exile , made ??by Napoleon, who led Madame de Stael (1766-1817) to move into the castle his father , Necker , had acquired at Coppet . Coppet life is a life of spirit , music and readings . The great minds of the time are all stop at Coppet Montmonrency , Benjamin Constant ( the lover of Madame ) , Chateaubriand, De Broglie … part of which will be hereinafter referred to as “the group of Coppet .” Napoleon wrote ( in The Memorial of St. Helena ) , about Madame de Stael : ” His home in Coppet became a veritable arsenal against me, they came to be there armed knight She looked at me create enemies. and fought against me herself . ” In his writings, Madame de Stael strives to popularize the romantic authors .

Effect of landscape? Romantic writers are likely to have spent time on Lake Geneva . Among them, Lord Byron (1788-1824) , who, during his Grand Tour stops Cologny summer 1816. The poem The Prisoner of Chillon was born one of the many trips he made this summer. Lamartine (1790-1869) , too, is the Lake Geneva region ‘s land of exile . During the Hundred Days, he took refuge in Nernier . This town also devotes an entire tourist and cultural journey to romantic authors , through texts , quotes and other references in stone . However, it should be noted that the famous poem The Lake does not mention Lake Geneva, but Lake Bourget ( Aix -les- Bains) , where the writer will stay a few years later .

This is a writer unjustly forgotten that around the lake will be completed . Anna de Noailles (1876-1933) , writer and Countess , spends a lot of his summers Amphion , between Thonon and Evian. In Paris, she led the high life is living , writing poems, received the Legion of Honor. It is a well-known woman who leaves no one indifferent . It borders Claudel , Gide , Barres, Cocteau , Colette … and created with other women the price ” Happy Life ” which became the Prix Femina .

Lake Geneva has inspired men and women of letters renowned came to its shores during exile during initiatory journeys or to enjoy leisure summer. However, we should not forget that the Lake Geneva region is also fertile ground for the development of those who are born into it. Charles -Ferdinand Ramuz (1878-1947) , attached to the description of landscapes and peasant world, is published in major Parisian houses and appreciated by Claudel and Celine.

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(This new category fills a gap in this blog: the important or trivial rapid response to a news item, under the policy or culture or techno . In classical Japanese, mono no aware roughly means “feeling things”, more precisely twinge to their impermanence, their rust / loneliness ((sabi / Sami), their delicate patina, very tasty, which means we our end. This is not sad, however, and Japan is quite famous for moving forward, even flirting with a general knowledge of the virtual. For more information on our current affects foreign concept, see Jacques Roubaud).

“Man is neither angel nor brute, and the misfortune is that he who wants to make the angel acts the beast.” The redundancy of “wants” is clumsy, but the famous “Thoughts” are only drafts, a perfectionist like Pascal (all writing the second side of the seventeenth century is wildly perfectionist) would necessarily amended. However Montaigne wrote half a century ago: “They want to get out of them and the man eschapper This is madness, instead of turning into angels, they transform into beasts, instead of. to raise, they fall down. ” (Essays, Book III - the last page of this great book). Shortly before this he had written, which are cited below, and for good reason:

“Aesop, that great man, that his master vid pissoit while walking:” Quoy donq, he said, we must he ran shit “?

This is exactly what I feel at the wondrous feat fabulous (media commentators have already exhausted all the superlatives for Lance Armstrong and other Usain Bolt), and precisely superhuman (or off-human) of the Austrian -who-more-faster-than-the-falls mass man has fulfilled the prediction of Aesop. All paraglider already believed bird when he was just a hanging rock, we are now based, with some daring and a lot of technology (Magellan or Roland Garros was the opposite) to take us for meteorites - almost. I like walking on the moon, who even pretended to play golf there, I would have wanted to be in their place there at all. Born Earth Ox, like many others, according to Chinese cosmology, I have the extra wide foot thick ankle, a cat aversion to water, and the same propensity to hover a bull battle, with that particular fondness for trees, especially old and massive, and the fire from the bowels of the earth, which I am virtually sitting.

It is enough to say that skydiving is to me a means of war and if an odd taste. When it turns more into a projectile, which shows do you? No one knows what can a body (Spinoza)? Hardly, as the techno-weighing device (like men “walking” in space from the space station). Notwithstanding the radio-TV criers who give everything goes “the énormissime” everyone, including Olympic hero comes down to 7-8 kg of dry matter, 2 square meters of skin, and physical strength of a twelfth horsepower (to tow a fully loaded diligence should have been about fifty of us, and beefy). But not only these parameters have changed little since the Neolithic, but they did it down: none of us, whether it be sports, has retained the strength, endurance, the endurance of evil, a Roman slave, a sailor Magellan or a Hairy 14. So what does that prove? Herzog has cheated on Annapurna, Lance Armstrong and others on their bicycles, and goes on cheating and cheat.

As well as the predicted Leroi-Gourhan, the man of the future and even more species that will succeed it will not need a body, but a much more powerful artifact, which we have now that a faint idea (but sorcerers’ apprentices, them salivating). In that sense, the bright future that singing is for tomorrow morning.

The great man does not have its roots in Anjou but he was the son of the 12th Duke of Brissac as husband of Marie-Pierre de Cosse-Brissac which he gave two children: Lawrence (1965-1999) and Bliss. The latter wrote a book this year that seeks to dismantle his father’s legend. ()

The author in “The largest bookstore” 27/09/2012 on France 5

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The right survey is closely related to constitutional nature, and must therefore be analyzed in the context of the legal and institutional context in which the surveys are conducted, making demanding their analysis and understanding of perspective abroad. This is what is observed in particular with the American example of the current election campaign pitting Barack Obama and Mitt Romney.

For a long time there was no attention paid to France in polls in the U.S. presidential election because Obama seemed far ahead and saw Europe and especially in our country, where Democrats have traditionally more understanding than their opponents, this result seemed to satisfy everyone and was therefore not examined.

As we know, the situation has changed, however, after the first televised debate that saw Mitt Romney beat Barack Obama and back sharply in the race or pass - so it seems, unlike the French tradition, the debate between candidates have, there, a real impact, but it is another matter. Since then, the national polls, the French press widely relays, give the two candidates side by side.

The opportunity to look at these surveys in order to produce an analysis: the first law analysis of comparative surveys of this blog, here made of course with great modesty, pending the integration of comparative law in the second edition of our book. It could not be otherwise: the first comparative law could only be spent in the United States.

A first attempt in any case quite interesting that harbinger of exciting research and the validity of the program to build a right of election polls.

The U.S. presidential election through polls: Romney wins the popular vote but Obama wins the election

Le Monde published a number of very interesting articles on American surveys, the most recent, published in its issue of October 23, compares the various U.S. polls published in recent days, with just the last debate between the candidates.

This paper reports an survey for NBC and the Wall Street Journal, published Sunday, October 21, which gave the two candidates with 47% in the polls among potential voters. The previous national poll NBC / WSJ credited the incumbent 49% of the vote, against 46% for the Republican candidate. Another survey, the institute” Public Policy Polling, gave the two candidates for full equality in voting intentions, 48% everywhere, according to interviews conducted over the past three days.

As for the daily Gallup, who previously gave a wide lead in poll Mitt Romney, he reported on the same day an even bigger gap in the polls at the national level: 52% to 45% among likely voters for Republican.

In contrast, another survey, conducted by the Institute IBD / TIPP, gave nearly 6 points ahead to Barack Obama in the polls at the national level (47.9% to 42.2%).

Nevertheless, we must be careful of any of the foregoing analysis of the election results from these surveys. In fact, as the article notes the world, if national polls are useful as they design trends, they do not show the real chances of victory for either candidate for election U.S. decides the number of electors and not the popular vote. The analysis of the surveys should be carried out according to the legal and cultural context specific to the United States.

On this point, but we’ll come back, attached to a New York Times blog is useful. It gives effect to the electoral college 294 votes to 244 for Obama against Romney and 73% chance of winning the election!

Also, a visit to the website of Real Politics is necessary because the site also offers the score at the national level, a score state by state, the results appear more disparate.

A further element of complexity seen in France, where it must be admitted that the election by universal suffrage of the President by all French citizens at the same time (in the marginal reserve the quantitative point of view of French nationals abroad and Overseas) greatly facilitates the analysis.

These elements invite you to return to the peculiarity of the right surveys in the United States and intersecting on the specifics of its electoral system. This study then used to further deepen the fundamental reflection on the relationship between surveys, polls and the right to democracy.

The peculiarities of the law of the American polls heterogeneity and complexity

On the right surveys, it is exercised, it seems the United States as a self-regulation, which may be more differences in methodologies, even if at this stage of our research, the The idea may be issued only as a hypothesis.

Thus, in an article on the differences of opinion polls in the U.S. elections, Le Monde and more precisely one of its journalists, Luc Vinogradoff, highlight differences in method, perhaps, could not happen in France because of increased control of voting intention polls by the Commission surveys and peculiarities of French electoral system.

Three elements of questions emerge: rules [or lack of rules] for the respondents, policy adjustments samples and American specificity due to the size and structure of the state, methods of making websites summaries of election polls.

People registered on the electoral lists or individuals may register to vote?

First, the article notes that unlike France where registration on the electoral roll ends several months before an election, Americans can still register until late in the campaign, allowing the use of two different methods : either test the voting intentions of those listed on the electoral roll, or test the voting intentions only people likely to vote, thus including those not yet registered to vote but could still do it.

However, according to the method used, the results are different: and Gallup, which had hitherto used only criterion inscribed on the electoral lists for daily poll voters changed method on October 9, which increased score Mitt Romney, due to the fact that Republicans are more motivated and more likely to move to vote in this campaign.

What (s) method (s) of political redress samples?

Secondly, it seems that there are also differences in the methods of recovery, including recovery policy. Thus, if we are to believe the article, it appears that the pollsters do their political adjustments vary more significantly than in the French surveys, where the commonly used method is the memory of vote: these adjustments, based not on voting memories but statements of sympathy - in the sense of supporters - would be highly variable.

Thus, a very recent survey by the Pew Center giving Mitt Romney leads with 49% of the vote against 45% for Obama included more voters themselves as Republicans (36%) than Democrats (31%), with plus 30% of “independent” voters, while a survey in September of the same institute, which gave 8 points ahead of Obama (51% to 43%) included a sample of 29% of Republicans 39% of Democrats and 30% independent.

At first glance, such a method therefore appears less stringent than the recovery of the French sample based on a memory of vote, not a statement of sympathy for a candidate. Strange solution that raises questions, so, especially since it seems to vary considerably over time and produce mixed results - in violation of the “essential methodological consistency” chèr the Commission surveys?

This freedom has also been strong criticism in the U.S. media, they Whereas the choice of the recovery of the sample bias the results, and critical differences method. On this point, we can actually query, as demonstrated including the recent controversy over a Gallup poll gives Mitt Romney with a seven-point lead and had been criticized in the United States, which has also made controversial report World account.

Which method to synthesize data from 53 institutes active holes testing the polls at the federal level as at Federated?

The latter section of the World deserves also to be read as it also reveals the complexity of reading surveys in the United States, and by contrast highlights how our political structure makes our particularly simple to achieve political polls and comment.

Thus, the article reports the blog FiveThirtyEight Nate Silver, which compiles the results of the 136 institutions that follow the campaign! Of these, 53 are active, and have published at least one survey from October 1. It is therefore especially sites like RealClearPolitics, FiveThirtyEight and should be consulted for an analysis of the U.S. situation because they are the synthesis and the average of the poll.

But the question of how we make this synthesis there also arises. And it can also vary, giving very different results.

Indeed, the FiveThirtyEight blog gives the two candidates neck and neck in terms of popular vote -% for Barack Obama against% for Mitt Romney, but gives the incumbent president winner in the major constituents as Barack Obama would have 294 votes against 244 for his opponent, giving him a chance to win the election to 73%!

The site will RealPolitics in the same direction but is more nuanced, with significantly different figures: according to this site, Romney has an advantage in terms of popular vote since the place% of the vote against 47% for Obama, who But still the winner with 201 electoral votes against 191 for Mitt Romney - the rest were undecided.

These sites are therefore a synthesis level of complexity and variation still problems of interpretation.

Synthesis

The right of American surveys seems much more heterogeneous and loose than ours and allow more heterogeneity, and the application of methods, views of France, question.

These differences are in any case very interesting and therefore call for further analysis of comparative law. What are the basic rules of the system, what are the differences with ours and how to enjoy it?

This is a set of questions that will be essential to meet, and even more so than differences in law polls adds very special constitutional context of the United States which makes it even more difficult to read the opinion polls.

The peculiarities of the American constitutional system, federal state election by indirect universal suffrage, electoral and election polls

An additional complexity of reading surveys in the United States is of course the federal structure of the state and the peculiarity of the system of election of the President in the United States.

The complexity of the system for electing the U.S. President

The American presidential election is an indirect vote for the election of the electoral college that elects the President of the United States and the Vice President. The electors then meet in each state to formally elect the President and Vice President of the United States. The votes are finally counted before a joint session of Congress in early January.

The appointment of electors and candidate selection are subject to rules established by each State where traditions come from more or less formalized, which reinforces even more complex.

Each of the fifty states elects a number of “electors” equal to the number of Representatives and Senators. The most populous state, California, has 55 votes, while the eight least populous states have only three each.

The consequences of these votes are also different depending on the state and the system itself has inequality: indeed, in all but two states, Maine and Nebraska, the electoral system gives all the voices of the State arrived at the first candidate is the rule of “the winner-take-all.” It is this system that explains the disparity between popular results, which, in recent elections, were neighbors between Republicans and Democrats, and the results of electors who often provide an overwhelming majority of the nominees.

The consequences of this complexity in terms of reading opinion polls

Of course, this particular structure introduces an element of complexity in basic reading surveys in the United States. Thus while most national polls now give Mitt Romney with a slight lead, he could lose the election because of the system of indirect suffrage.

Thus, as we noted above, the reading of the FiveThirtyEight blog is quite fascinating - even if we take these claims, again, with caution, as the reporter here is his own kitchen. Thus, it appears on this site if the two candidates are neck and neck in terms of popular vote -% for Barack Obama against% for Mitt Romney, on the contrary they are in a very different position in terms of electoral votes since Barack Obama had 294 votes against 244 for his opponent, giving him a chance - up - to win the election to 73%!

RealPolitics the site is more nuanced, but going in the same direction, even announcing a defeat Romney with a majority of popular votes. According to this site, Romney has indeed an advantage in terms of popular vote since it places Romney% of the vote against 47% for Obama, which remains the winner with 201 electoral votes against 191 for Mitt Romney.

A superficial reading of the headlines, in fact, could lead to many misinterpretations. A problem that we know very well in France too, and that is without asking the right questions in terms of surveys! That will be one of the topics of the next section of this blog realize that exegesis of the third report of the Commission surveys.

To an elected president without popular support? Surveys, representative democracy and democracy continues

All these elements of analysis finally leads us to wonder, finally, if we are moving to an elected without the majority of popular votes president and what lessons can be learned in terms of democracy.

The discrepancy between the electoral and the popular vote, as we know, is possible: one can quote the presidential election of 1972, when the Republican candidate Richard Nixon was elected with over 95% of the electoral votes so that He had taken only 60% of the popular vote.

And worse, it would not be the first time a minority president would win the election: in the 2000 presidential election, Democratic candidate Al Gore received 550,000 more votes than his Republican opponent George Bush at national, but 550 votes ahead Bush has officially obtained in Florida allowed him to get all the electors of this state and to win the election at the federal level. A democratic scandal in which he is not required to return.

Is this the fate of Barack Obama?

Nobody knows yet, but one thing is certain here, surveys appear to be an instrument of democracy against representative democracy, particularly striking. They could participate in the questioning of the election to the structure so controversial?

Ultimately, therefore, this study reinforces the thesis, widely defended our work, the surveys are provided to be well controlled and well used, a fundamental instrument of democracy. In France … as elsewhere, not just in democratic states!

Stay tuned: highly November 6th!

Romain Rambaud

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The chapel Trinitarian Metz welcomed until November 4, 2012 “the dog, and I fly,” an exhibition of paintings and drawings by the artist Odile Messina Kolb.

Great exposure and challenging to invest the high walls of the disused chapel eighteenth century farmhouse close to the Museum of Gold Court, as the building door every stone footprint tarnished his religious decorum and scars of years. The heavy door crossed, the viewer is struck by the large volume of the nave bathed in darkness before the eye clings to the walls.

Odile KOLB, paints (pigments on canvas)

Chapel Trinitarians of Metz, November 2012.

Paintings and drawings on paper Odile Kolb are needed, singular in their intransigence, their power and purity.

I know Odile Kolb work for years. It continues on a narrow ridge line of the demanding path that stirs the smallest resonances a limited palette or dominate the black, gray and red. It offers a look at the extreme stripped paint that attempt to express the essence of what art can save man from his natural shyness: “How can I make realistic painting now, it would be worse that a black canvas! “She proclaims.

True to a large chromatic economy, it faces the canvas in a feverish language streaks, overlays and solids that will eventually balance the masses.

The thickness of the pigments and the arrangement of forms slowly take shape in a desire to dump the violence of a cry against the brutality and injustice of the world. This is a painting of revolt which states in its pure nudity viewer’s gaze.

Odile KOLB, paints (pigments on canvas), each 150 x 100 cm, 2012

However, the visual power of this painting is not so much in its brute force, but in the subtle touch surfaces. Evocation by Odile Kolb his pictorial work emphasizes the importance of quickly touch-related matter. She also speaks willingly stroking his canvas fingertip.

If there is an apparent paradox of this painting, which makes the large painting is an extreme sensitivity lives this injury. Sensitivity beyond the apparent nihilism that could translate the title when he wanted to give the artist exposure … If you had to be afraid of certain words, I write with optimism that this place What magic Chapel Trinitarian is a redemptive role of painting that opens our eyes. For over thirty years Odile Kolb has worked tirelessly in his studio flat close to Metz, his painting scans and rage against disorder (disaster) of the world. She searched the depths with his brush-scalpel taking the viewer to witness. It is a work sharing and contemplation, seeking our time and attention. Dare to about this quote from Rothko: “Over time, point by point, the work of a painter progresses toward clarity, toward the elimination of all obstacles between the painter and the idea, and between the idea and the observer “…

Odile KOLB - Fukushima Series (detail)

Pigments and sand on canvas. The entire series consists of 10 paintings, each 50 x 100 cm.

All ten panels “Fukushima Series” was painted in the immediacy of the weeks that followed the tragedy. It translates into a nearby white, gray and ocher, the protest of human excessiveness mingling steels, contaminated sand and deadly light, far from any human presence.

Is this the same worn by his great message formats which springs a luminous presence among shapeless gray expanses? If man can not believe in man, he can still believe in the paint with Odile Kolb.

Odile KOLB, paints (pigments on canvas)

below 100 x 150 cm.

Contact Odile KOLB: 06 34 14 36 45.

Other works of the artist can be seen on my website.

…

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Ephemeral Ebay Store - Credits Cécile Prudhomme

After trying to entice traders with a temporary exhibition hall in New York a year ago, eBay now trying to educate the consumer’s trading system.

From December 6 to 16, in the center of Berlin, the group, known for its auctions, installed a pop-up store (a “pop-up store” in the jargon) of 400 square meters. Shop which will be converted between 27 and 29 December in place to help the resale of Christmas gifts.

In the first part of this space, eBay gathered items sold by professional sellers on its website and thus shows the German chap all the possibilities available to him to buy a mobile phone with articles by scanning bar codes 2D (or QR codes) that redirect to the merchant site.

Equipped with 2D code or QR code credits items Cécile Prudhomme

Going further in this shop, you can also see a touch panel that allows, always scanning the 2D codes, to buy other items that can not see that picture. It will obviously have downloaded the application on his phone eBay called “smart mobile shopping” and pay with PayPal (the banking group). A touch panel is currently being tested by the supermarket MPreis of Innsbruck in Austria, but also from Apple resellers in Berlin.

Touch panel-Cécile Prudhomme credits

Purchase credits panel touch-Cécile Prudhomme

At the bottom of the pop-up store, you can also get a glimpse of that could actually happen in real life the average consumer: vendors that recognize customers when they return to their store with a GPS system, possible even races when the shops are closed, or promotions that appear on television and in a few seconds, arrive in a virtual portfolio PayPal … It is not far from being frightened.

Store witness credits Cécile Prudhomme

The living room, new space-consumption credits Cécile Prudhomme

Example promotional code on a television-advertising credits Cécile Prudhomme

All this in a staged reconstruction salon or fashion store. Coming up in the next two to three years hope eBay.

Cécile Prudhomme

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The DLP brothers were indicted this Tuesday, October 2 in the late evening at the courthouse of Montpellier, with other players handball ” scam “. There is still some time, this seemed inconceivable, and yet … The case was the effect of an earthquake in the judicial, political and local sports world. Reactions.

“They behaved like nickel feet,” said Patrick Vignal, Assistant socialist sports to the city of Montpellier, the first Monday in October in the early evening, before various national media while sports were always questioned by the police,

Nanterre.

“Even if what they did was stupid, for the moment, we are in the dark, even if you have a consistent beam, wait,” tempers Arnaud Julien for the UMP. “The media have erected to the status of demi-gods, with all the titles won (Olympic champion, European champion, etc ….), they are primarily men and, like everyone, from the right the presumption of innocence, “recalls wisely politician. I still feel that they have been delivered and the mob. They stop in Paris before the media, we put the same night in custody. They are transferred to Montpellier on Tuesday afternoon. I who live near the courthouse, I had all day Tuesday, eight cameras and a dozen photographers in front of me waiting and remained there all day. They were delivered to the mob since Sunday, “laments Kevin Youb young militant UMP.” We must not forget that each player is entitled to the presumption of innocence. Off, the prosecutor gave a lecture on Monday, where he probably overstepped its authority in his words, “exasperates the young man who is studying law in the city, citing the press conference Monday afternoon noon Attorney Brice Robin in Montpellier, in the High Court of Montpellier. “It is distressing. This is a story that sullied the image handball, said Francois Baraize, local reponsable Europe Ecology-Greens before adding, “It saddens me because they (the players club, note) had not need that money. They are amateurs, nickel feet, as my friend Patrick Vignal the other night. ” “It is also a lack of respect for the people who fawn, which, themselves, pay to come see them play,” laments Green elected. “I call for some restraint to let justice do its job, which is not to take evidence,” said for his part, Thierry Tsagalos, departmental head of the Liberal Democratic Party.

“They vintages untouchable.”

“They are totally untouchable vintages They won everything they were adored They believed they could cheat without fear, may be affected by this justice.. But then, suddenly, they find themselves being under investigation, “said Joel, recently retired Herault. “These are nickel feet is anything this whole” is annoyed Frederick, tobacconist Montpellier. “This is stupid, they are stupid. Getting caught like that, they should think more before you do stuff. Waiting to see what I say in justice, it will be falling like a souffle, but it’s sad that they could do it, if it is confirmed, “laments a young baker downtown” We want to demonize them too since Sunday. It puts them in the head full I do not think it is over for them. should wait to see what will happen in the coming weeks, “tent, for its part, to relativize Brahim, a young gardener in a popular area of ??the city.

° All indicted in the month of September, all players Handball Montpellier Hérault saw their judicial review raised by the Court of Appeal of Montpellier, this Thursday, October 25, 2012. Nikola DLP & Issam Tej are reintegrated Hérault club on Tuesday October 30.

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THE METAPHOR Share on facebookShare on twitterShare on diggShare on deliciousShare on emailMore Sharing ServicesNiveau: High School classes (Second, First General)

Other course materials:

- The saying (online: Friday, December 14)

- The connotation

The metaphor

“I go on …”

Course materials focus on some essential grammar, language and style. These course materials are intended primarily to my graders and students First General.

The metaphor is a figure of one analogy.

Sometimes we tend to call it “unfinished comparison”, or to be more precise “implicit comparison”, “implied” of creating a relationship of substitution between two distinct referents have a common element of meaning.

In comparison, this ratio compared analogy and comparison is explicitly highlighted by a comparative word (also called comparison tool or password tool) which can be:

a conjunction (such as and, etc.). “When the low, heavy sky weighs like a lid” (Baudelaire, “Spleen” No. 78, The Flowers of Evil);

a quantitative comparison (much / more / less than …): “I love you, / Much less than God, but more than myself (Cornelius, scene 3 Polyeuctes Act IV).

an adjective denoting a degree of comparison (. identical to, similar to, like, etc.): “The poet is like the prince of the clouds” (Baudelaire “L’Albatros” The Flowers of Evil);

a verb or verbal expression (look, look, look at, to think, etc..): “And this way, looked like a long skeleton, led us to a country that had only his breath to climb the the future. ” (Albert Camus, The Seed of the sun, 1965. Preface by René Char).

In the metaphor instead the comparison is absent: there is no specific link, then it is up to the reader to find analogies to build strong links between the meaning of the comparative and comparing.

In his treatise tropes 2 published in 1730, César Chesneau Dumarsais-you know for studying the famous article “Philosopher” of the well-defined metaphor Encyclopedia:

Figure by which transposes, so to speak, the proper meaning of a name to another meaning that it should only by a comparison that is in the mind.

Substituting an end to another, so the metaphor inflects the meaning of words and involves a new way that reveals a way of thinking and values. This new direction is figured, since the metaphor leads to a transfer of sense, especially since it will be marked inventive.

But this transfer of meaning is also present in the so-called “lexicalized” metaphors or figurative expressions that are part of everyday language. If these metaphors fell in the standard, there is a strong relationship of substitution between comparative and comparing (for example, when we say that “the sea is a mirror”), there is always still a gap between the expected and served the product as a metaphor meant diverting the link between referent and its usual meant to produce an out of direction. In the previous example, the word “mirror” is indeed a fantasy element is not part of the usual universe repository sea

Consider also the example of the well-known song “The revolver eyes”, composed by Fabrice Aboulker in 1985 and performed by Marc Lavoine: “She has eyes revolver / she has the look that kills.” Here, the comparison (eyes) coincides with the real as it is used literally, while comparing (revolver) is a virtual reference introduces a distortion of meaning and makes us into the fictional field: the weapon taking more features of the femme fatale associated with death. As you can see, the metaphor is involved in a process of conceptualization and idealization of reality.

The same applies to the following verse that “file” metaphor: “She has the look that kills”: if two terms (“look” and “kills”) are linked grammatically, they are not normally associated with meaning. But the substitution relationship between comparative and comparing product more than an analogy between the served, it symbolizes and conceptualizes: tell a woman that “she has the look that kills” passed the statement of the description referential to a conceptual view showing the archetypal vision of the woman and predatory sublime! The metaphor takes on its meaning since it allows to express an idea, a concept that does not allow comparison.

More unexpected is a metaphor, and it enriches the statement by its originality and, when compared and comparing are far apart, and they belong to different domains, the comparison has a power of suggestion and connotation well most 3:

There are three main types of metaphors:

1. The metaphor in praesentia

In the metaphor in praesentia the comparative and comparing are expressed in a co-presence, “a referent (the comparison) is in its confrontation with the nature of another referent (comparing), with whom he has reports resemblance identification, analogy “4 as in the comparison and operates a semantic reconciliation, an equivalence relation built around example:

a copula verb (“to be”), “Life is a Long Quiet River” “The eyes are the mirror of the soul”;

an infinitive: “Leaving is dying a little”;

of the preposition “of”, “a river of tears,” “the curve of your eyes” (Eluard)

2. The metaphor in absentia

Unlike the comparison or metaphor in praesentia, which is more explicit metaphor in absentia is more delicate approach because it removes the comparison, which must be guessed. While in comparison for example, means that compared the referent is necessarily expressed in the metaphor in absentia on the contrary, only the comparison is present. Take for example this excerpt from a sonnet to Du Bellay (“The Olive”, 1549): “So seeing this new dawn.” Here, the implicit comparison is the woman that is implied by the context: the poets of the Pléiade and Renaissance often using the comparative relationship between the woman and the dawn, the woman doing “pale sun” etc.)

Even more significantly, we could cite the first verse of “Marine Cemetery” in which Paul Valéry described so beautifully the sea and sailing, “This quiet roof where doves work.” As you can see where the comparison made between the comparative and comparing an equivalence relation and explicit likelihood (the sea looks like a quiet roof, boats are like doves walking on the sea), the metaphor in absentia removes the attributive relation: an effort of interpretation is called for the reader.

3. The metaphor

The extended metaphor is a metaphor developed through a series of words belonging to the same lexical field. As Michel Riffaterre very well, it is a “series of metaphors linked by syntax-they are part of the same sentence or even a narrative or descriptive structure, and meaning: each expresses a particular aspect of a whole thing or concept that is the first metaphor of the series “(Michel Riffaterre,” The metaphor in surrealist poetry “, French Language, No. 3, 1969, p. 46-60 ).

A famous example is the epilogue of the novel Germinal, in which the spun germination metaphor that marks all the text, in addition to poeticizing function has an argumentative function: the emerging spring is symbolically associated with the struggles ahead of minors in the hope that “Germinal” will overcome the social renewal of a better world:

Now, the sky, the April sun shone in his glory, warming the earth brought forth. Flank flowed foster life, buds bursting with green leaves, fields trembled thrust herbs. On all sides, the seeds swelled, stretched, chapped plain, worked a need for heat and light.

An overflow of sap dripping with whispering voices, the sound of germs épandait in a big kiss. More, more, more and more distinctly, as if they were closer to the ground, banging comrades. The burning of the sun, by the morning rays of youth, it was the rumor that the campaign was big. Men drove a black army, vengeful, slowly germinating in the furrows, growing crops for the future century, and whose germination was going to break ground soon.

NOTES

(1) “The term figure refers to all processes that alter the style of the simplest form of the statement.” Dictionary of Literary, edited by Paul Aron, Denis Saint-Jacques, Alain Viala, PUF, Paris, 2010, page 291.

(2) Caesar Chesneau DUMARSAIS, tropes or different senses, Figure, and twenty other articles Encyclopedia, followed by Abstract tropes of Father Ducros, ed. Flammarion, Paris, 1988, page 135.

(3) In a famous book (Structures of poetic language, Paris, Flammarion, 1966), Jean Cohen distinguishes “figures use”, which by dint of being repeated have become commonplace, and “figures of invention.”

(4) Eric Bordas, Roads metaphor, PUF, Paris, 2003, page 9.

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